Guidance on Potassium from Water Softeners

Part B - Supporting information

B.3 References

• Adriogué, H.J. and Wesson, D.E. 1994. Blackwell's basics of medicine: Potassium. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston, MA.
• Alberta Environment. 2004. Personal communication from K. Chinniah, Alberta Environment, Edmonton
• APHA (American Public Health Association), American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation. 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
• Brandis, K. 2005. 2.4 Renal Regulation of Acid -Base Balance in "Acid Base Physiology". Available at http://www.anaesthesiamcq.com/AcidBaseBook/ab2_4.php
• Braunwald, E., Fauci, A., Kasper, D., Hauser, S., Longo, D. and Jameson, J. 2001. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 15th edition. McGraw Hill, New York, NY.
• Brusick, D. 1988. Genotoxic effects in cultured mammalian cells produced by low pH treatment conditions and increased ion concentrations. Environ. Mutagen., 8: 879-886 [cited in OECD, 2001].
• Buckley, N.A., Dawson, A.H. and Reith, D.A. 1995. Controlled release drugs in overdose: clinical considerations. Drug Saf., 12(1): 73-84.
• Burgess, E., Lewanczuk, R., Bolli, P., Chockalingam, A., Cutler, H., Taylor, G. and Hamet, P. 1999. Recommendations on potassium, magnesium and calcium. Can. Med. Assoc. J., 160(9): S35-S45.
• Burkhardt, E.R. and Brüning, J. 2002. Potassium and potassium alloys. In: Ullmann's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley InterScience (available to registered users at: http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/ueic/articles/a22_031/sect1.html).
• CCS (Canadian Cardiovascular Society). 2003. The 2002/3 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Consensus Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure. Available to registered users at: http://www.ccs.ca/.
• CHS (Canadian Hypertension Society). 2005. 2005 Canadian Hypertension Education Program Recommendations: The Bottom line version. Available at: http://www.hypertension.ca/.
• Dabeka, R.W., Conacher, H.B.S., Lawrence, J.F., Newsome, W.H., McKenzie, A., Wagner, H.P., Chadha, R.K.H. and Pepper, K. 2002. Survey of bottled drinking waters sold in Canada for chlorate, bromide, bromate, lead, cadmium and other trace elements. Food Addit. Contam., 19(8): 721-732.
• Daugirdas, J.T., Blake, G.B. and Ing, T.S. 2001. Handbook of dialysis. 3rd edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
• DiBona, G.F. and Jones, S.Y. 1992. Effect of dietary potassium chloride in borderline hypertensive rats. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 3(2): 188-195.
• Environment Canada. 1985. Potassium chloride (potash). Environmental and technical information for problem spills. Environmental Protection Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa, March (ISBN 0-662-13984-4).
• Fervenza, F.C. and Rabkin, R. 2002. The role of growth factors and ammonia in the genesis of hypokalemic nephropathy. J. Renal Nutr., 12(3): 151-159.
• Gennari, J.F. 2002. Disorders of potassium homeostasis: hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. Crit. Care Clin., 18(2): 273-288.
• Gosselin, R.E., Smith, R.P. and Hodge, H.C. 1984. Clinical toxicology of commercial products. 5th edition. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
• Graves, J.W. 1998. Hyperkalemia due to a potassium-based water softener. N. Engl. J. Med., 339(24): 1790-1791.
• Higdon, J. 2004. Potassium. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (available at: http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/potassium/index.html).
• HSDB (Hazardous Substances Data Bank). 2003. Potassium. Hazardous Substances Databank No. 698.
• IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2005. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. National Academies Press, Washington, DC (available at: http://books.nap.edu/catalog/10925.html)
• Katzmarzyk, P. T. 2002. The Canadian obesity epidemic, 1985-1998. Can. Med. Assoc. J., 166(8): 1039-1040.
• Krishna, G.G. 1994. Role of potassium in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Am. J. Med. Sci., 307(Suppl. 1): 21-25.
• Lewis, R.J. 1997. Hawley's condensed chemical dictionary. 13th edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY.
• Lide, D.R. 2004. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. 85th edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
• Lina, B.A.R., Hollanders, V.M.H. and Kuijpers, M.H.M. 1994. The role of alkalizing and neutral potassium salts in urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats.Carcinogenesis, 15(3): 523-527.
• Linke, W.F. 1965. Solubilities of inorganic and metal organic compounds. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC [cited in Environment Canada, 1985].
• Mitchell, A.D., Rudd, C.J. and Caspary, W.J. 1988. Evaluation of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell mutagenesis assay: Intralaboratory results for sixty-three coded chemicals tested at SRI International. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 12(13): 37-101 [cited in OECD, 2001].
• Mortelmans, K., Haworth, S., Lawlor, T., Speck, W., Tainer , B. and Zeiger, E. 1986. Salmonella mutagenicity tests: II. Results from the testing of 270 chemicals. Environ. Mutagen., 8(7): 1-119 [cited in OECD, 2001].
• Myhr, B.C. and Caspary, W.J. 1988. Evaluation of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell mutagenesis assay: Intralaboratory results for sixty-three coded chemicals tested at Litton Bionetics, Inc. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 12(13): 103-194 [cited in OECD, 2001].
• National Research Council of Canada (NRCC). 1977. The effects of alkali halides in the Canadian environment. Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa (Publication NRCC No. 15019).
• Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Environment and Conservation. 2004. Personal communication from M. Goebel, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Environment and Conservation, St. John's
• Nishikawa, A., Furukawa, F., Mitsui, M., Enami, T., Imazawa, T., Ikezaki, S. and Takahashi, M. 1995. Dose-dependent promotion effects of potassium chloride on glandular stomach carcinogenesis in rats after initiation with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and the synergistic influence with sodium chloride. Cancer Res., 55(22): 5238-5241.
• Nova Scotia Department of Environment and Labour. 2004. Personal communication from C. Mosher, Nova Scotia Department of Environment and Labour, Halifax
• NSF. 2006. Drinking water contaminant guide. NSF International (available at http://www.nsf.org/consumer/drinking_water/dw_contaminant_guide.asp?program=WaterTre).
• OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2001. Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) on potassium chloride (CAS No. 7447-40-7). United Nations Environment Programme Publications, September 14.
• Olivier, P. and Marzin, D. 1987. Study of the genotoxic potential of 48 inorganic derivatives with the SOS chromotest. Mutat. Res., 189: 263-269 [cited in OECD, 2001].
• Ontario Ministry of the Environment. 2004. Personal communication from A. Socha, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto.
• Pamnani, M.B., Chen, X., Haddy, F.J., Schooley, J.F. and Mo, Z. 2000. Mechanism of antihypertensive effect of dietary potassium in experimental volume expanded hypertension in rats. Clin. Exp. Hypertens., 22(6): 555-569.
• Perazella, M.A. 2000. Drug-induced hyperkalemia: old culprits and new offenders. Am. J. Med., 109(4): 307-314.
• Perazella, M.A. and Mahnensmith, R.L. 1997. Hyperkalemia in the elderly: drugs exacerbate impaired potassium homeostasis. J. Gen. Intern. Med., 12(10): 646-656.
• Ray, P.E., Suga, S., Liu, X., Huang, X. and Johnson, R.J. 2001. Chronic potassium depletion induces renal injury, salt sensitivity, and hypertension in young rats. Kidney Int., 59: 1850-1858.
• Saskatchewan Department of Environment. 2004. Personal communication from S. Ferris, Saskatchewan Department of Environment, Regina.
• Sato, Y., Ando, K., Ogata, E. and Fujita, T. 1991. High-potassium diet attenuates salt-induced acceleration of hypertension in SHR. Am. J. Physiol., 260(1 Pt 2): R21-26.
• Seeberg, A.H., Mosesso, P. and Forster, R. 1988. High-dose-level effects in mutagenicity assays utilizing mammalian cells in culture. Mutagenesis, 3(3): 213-218 [cited in OECD, 2001].
• Shaheen, N. 2004. Personal communication from N. Shaheen, Groundwater Management Saskatchewan Watershed Authority, October 6.
• Stigant, C., Stevens, L. and Levin, A. 2003. Nephrology: 4. Strategies for the care of adults with chronic kidney disease. Can. Med. Assoc. J., 168(12): 1553-1560.
• Suter, P.M. 1998. Potassium and hypertension. Nutr. Rev., 56(5): 151-153.
• Tobian, L. 1997. Dietary sodium chloride and potassium have effects on the pathophysiology of hypertension in humans and animals. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 65(Suppl.): 606-611.
• U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Analytical methods for drinking water. Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (available at http://www.epa.gov/safewater/methods/methods.html).
• Weir, M.R.1997. Non-diuretic-based antihypertensive therapy and potassium homeostasis in elderly patients. Coron. Artery Dis., 8(8-9): 499-504.
• Whelton, P.K., He, J., Culter, J.A., Brancati, F.L., Appel, L.J., Follmann, D. and Klag, M.J. 1997. Effects of oral potassium on blood pressure. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 277: 1624-1632 [cited in IOM, 2005].
• Woodford, C. 2003. The elements: potassium. Benchmark Books, NewYork, NY.
• Yukon Department of Health and Social Services. 2004. Personal communication from P. Brooks, Yukon Department of Health and Social Services, Whitehorse.